Can AI Be Your Therapist? Exploring the Power (and Limits) of Conversational AI in Psychology

Introduction

Imagine you’ve had a rough day, and instead of talking to a friend or scheduling an appointment with a therapist, you pull out your phone and start chatting with an AI. Would it comfort you? Offer helpful advice? Or would it feel like talking to a very polite—but slightly off—robot?

A recent study by researcher Birger Moell delves into this very question: Can AI chatbots successfully play the role of a clinical psychologist and provide meaningful support? The study examined a specially designed AI therapist, built using Character.ai, to see how human-like, engaging, and empathetic it felt to different people.

While advancements in AI are happening at lightning speed (think of how image-generation AI has taken off), conversational AI hasn’t quite reached that “tipping point” of sounding convincingly human. Moell’s research aims to assess the current state of AI-driven therapy—where it shines, where it falls short, and what it means for the future of AI in mental health.

So, how close are we to AI-powered therapy that actually feels real? Let’s dive into what the study discovered.

How the Study Tested AI as a Psychologist

The Participants: Who Was Involved?

To gauge just how effective (or ineffective) this AI therapist was, 27 people were brought in to interact with it. These participants came from three different backgrounds:

• Psychologists (professionals in the mental health space)
• AI researchers (those deeply familiar with how AI is built and functions)
• The general public (everyday people with varying levels of AI knowledge)

Interestingly, 18 of the participants had a strong background in psychology, and 11 were highly familiar with AI. This means the chatbot wasn’t just tested by casual users—it was judged by experts who understand both therapy and AI development.

The Chatbot: How It Was Designed

The AI therapist wasn’t just a generic chatbot; it was purposely built to feel human-like and empathetic. The researchers tweaked several factors to make the AI seem more like a real clinical psychologist:

• A realistic name and profile picture (naming the bot made it feel more personal)
• Carefully crafted starting prompts to guide conversations in a therapeutic direction
• A background description that influenced how the bot responded to users
• Specifically chosen keywords to make its replies sound more supportive and psychology-focused

Basically, the researchers designed this bot to listen, advise, and engage just like a human therapist would—or at least as close as AI can currently get.

So, How Did the AI Therapist Perform?

The Good: AI Can Engage and Feel Human-Like (To Some Extent)

The results showed that users didn’t completely dismiss the chatbot as robotic or useless. In fact:

• 30% of participants rated the AI’s “human-likeness” as a 4 out of 5
• 50% rated its engagement level at 4 out of 5
• 38% of participants left with a more positive view of conversational AI

In other words, about one-third of users felt the chatbot was pretty close to human, which is a significant step forward for AI therapy. For simple conversations, people found the AI engaging, helpful, and realistic enough to hold their attention.

The Not-So-Good: The AI Lacked True Empathy

Despite these promising numbers, there was a major issue: the AI didn’t “feel” empathetic enough. Some participants reported:

• The chatbot’s responses sounded too generic or repetitive—it lacked depth in its replies.
• It felt close to being human, but not quite—which made interactions a bit unsettling.

This issue is what’s commonly known as the “uncanny valley” effect in AI. When AI gets almost human, but still feels slightly “off,” people actually find it less trustworthy or likable than if it was clearly robotic.

For something as deeply personal as therapy, this near-human-but-not-quite feeling can make interactions frustrating or even unhelpful. Mental health support requires nuance, deep emotional intelligence, and adaptive responses—areas where AI still struggles.

What Does This Mean for the Future of AI Therapy?

The Challenge: AI Still Has a Long Way to Go

While AI chatbots are getting better, they can’t replace real therapists—at least not yet. The study highlights that true empathy, deep understanding, and real-time emotional adaptation are still challenges AI needs to overcome.

Think of it like self-driving cars. Yes, they exist, and yes, they’re improving, but they still can’t handle complex, unpredictable situations as well as human drivers. AI therapy faces a similar hurdle—it can provide basic guidance but struggles with the deeper nuances of real counseling.

The Opportunity: AI as a Support Tool, Not a Replacement

Even though AI isn’t ready to become your go-to therapist, it can still be a great supplemental tool. In the future, we might see AI psychology chatbots helping with:

• Initial mental health check-ins before a person sees a real therapist
• Guided self-help exercises based on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
• Emergency emotional support for those who need quick comfort

If AI chatbots are improved with better training models and refined interaction techniques, they may become valuable companions in the mental health space.

Key Takeaways

✅ AI chatbots can feel human-like to a degree—many users found them engaging and somewhat realistic.
✅ Empathy is still a major challenge—current chatbots often sound too generic, leading to an “uncanny valley” effect.
✅ AI therapists aren’t replacing humans anytime soon—but they could act as useful support tools for mental health.
✅ Refining AI prompts and responses could make conversations more meaningful—smarter AI = better interactions.

While we’re not at the point where AI can fully replace therapists, we are at an exciting moment in AI development. Chatbots are getting better, and with continued research and improvements, they could eventually become valuable mental health aids.

For now, though? If you need deep, personalized support, a human therapist is still your best bet. But for quick advice or general guidance, AI tools might just surprise you.

Would you chat with an AI psychologist? Share your thoughts in the comments below! 👇

If you are looking to improve your prompting skills and haven’t already, check out our free Advanced Prompt Engineering course.

This blog post is based on the research article “Artificial Humans” by Authors: Birger Moell. You can find the original article here.